[1] https://www.amazon.com/Calculus-Made-Easy-Silvanus-Thompson/...
[2] More about the difference between old and the new book https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus_Made_Easy
In my late 20s I decided to try again, but jumped straight into calculus. And at first regretted that decision. However, I got lucky by stumbling upon this book:
https://www.amazon.com/Calculus-Made-Easy-Silvanus-Thompson/...
It "reads" like a book, with the ideas given context. I had an "ok" connection with Algebra, and the book explained the rest well enough for me.
In school, the textbooks were loaded with symbols, but not enough description -- I guess they relied on bored teachers making minimum wage to do that part. I went to a school with poor academic showings (but connections to state superintendent of ed got them a grant for football facilities).
Coincidentally, this book goes well with the technique described here:
http://www.pathsensitive.com/2018/01/the-benjamin-franklin-m...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus_Made_Easy
Seems like a good update to a classic, but there are some in the reviews complaining about Gardner https://www.amazon.com/Calculus-Made-Easy-Silvanus-Thompson/...
[1] http://www.amazon.co.uk/Calculus-Made-Silvanus-Phillips-Thom...
Quoth the 'pedia: "Calculus Made Easy is a book on infinitesimal calculus originally published in 1910 by Silvanus P. Thompson, considered a classic and elegant introduction to the subject."
[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus_Made_Easy
[2] http://www.amazon.com/Calculus-Made-Easy-Silvanus-Thompson/d...
Thompson wrote the original edition a century ago. It is now Public Domain.
http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/33283
Gardner's revised edition adds introductory material, a problem set, and updates the language to keep it roughly in line with what is taught now. I can't speak to the differences between modern editions, but I have this one:
http://www.amazon.com/Calculus-Made-Easy-Silvanus-Thompson/d...
> linear algebra
To be honest, all abstract algebra is tough on new-comers. Compared to undergraduate calculus, the "aha" moments have more pay-off, but usually take a lot more time. The significance and power of vector spaces is just not something that is easily learnt, other than by working through problems with pen-and-paper math, and while doing so, constantly asking yourself "why do mathematicians do things this way, rather than some other way?"
I bought a copy of Gilbert Strang's Linear Algebra And It's Applications when I was an undergrad, and still refer to it now. It's brilliant, but it's a traditional text book, and definitely not a "primer".
It's not the type of maths you would call "hard" (integral calculus can be infuriatingly "hard") but it's the type that takes time and work to understand. Once you understand vector spaces, QM is surprisingly straight-forward.
The popular books by mathematician Ian Stewart
http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=ntt_athr_dp_sr_1?_encoding=UTF8&...
are very interesting and mathematically accurate. Some readers also like the books by Keith Devlin,
http://www.amazon.com/Keith-Devlin/e/B000APRPC6/ref=ntt_athr...
one of which I am reading right now.
I like almost every book by John Stillwell
http://www.amazon.com/John-Stillwell/e/B001IQWNS2/ref=ntt_at...
and especially recommend the latest edition of Mathematics and Its History
http://www.amazon.com/Mathematics-Its-History-Undergraduate-...
as a book you should try to obtain from a library to see what a book with challenging, interesting, but accessible problems looks like.
Many people like the videos that feature Edward Burger
http://www.thegreatcourses.com/tgc/professors/professor_deta...
or Arthur Benjamin lecturing about math in the Great Courses (Teaching Company) video lecture series, which you may be able to find at a library.
AFTER EDIT: Here is a link for Calculus Made Easy, a book recommended by another participant here.
http://www.amazon.com/Calculus-Made-Easy-Silvanus-Thompson/d...
I came across Silvanus Thompson's 1910 reprinted textbook Calculus Made Easy [1], and it was hands down the best primer on any topic I've delved into.
1. http://www.amazon.co.uk/Calculus-Made-Easy-Very-Simplest-Int...
https://www.amazon.com/Calculus-Made-Easy-Silvanus-Thompson/...
It seems easy to find a pdf on the web, but I didn't want to post that.