A computer architecture class. For books, [1] is what you will probably use in any decent computer architecture class, and [2] is a good read from a more general audience perspective, if a bit dated.

1. https://www.amazon.com/Computer-Architecture-Fifth-Quantitat...

2. https://www.amazon.com/Inside-Machine-Introduction-Microproc...

I also recommend: https://www.amazon.com/Computer-Architecture-Fifth-Quantitat...

> by Jason Robert Carey Patterson

Is the author related to David Patterson?

(Known from [1])

[1] http://www.amazon.com/Computer-Architecture-Fifth-Quantitati...

Hardware doesn't work like this. You might want to read Hennessy and Patterson, and the original RISC I paper.

http://www.amazon.com/Computer-Architecture-Fifth-Edition-Qu...

http://www.cecs.pdx.edu/~alaa/ece587/papers/patterson_isca_1...

Patterson and Hennessy worked together to write http://www.amazon.com/Computer-Architecture-Fifth-Edition-Qu...

The vast majority of practical references in the book are based on the MIPS architecture (as an example of a RISC processor).

Great suggestion.

I flipped through Computer Architecture, A Quantitative Approach (http://www.amazon.com/Computer-Architecture-Fifth-Quantitati...) at the bookstore the other day and it looked interesting, but that's all I could gather in the short time I had.

From the ground up? Well, there's always the source:

http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/processors/architectu...

For learning assembly? For MASM I enjoyed this book years ago:

http://www.amazon.com/Assembly-Language-Intel-Based-Computer...

For GAS something like this might be more appropriate:

http://www.amazon.com/Professional-Assembly-Language-Richard...

Patterson & Hennessy is used a lot in colleges to teach low-level architecture and assembly:

http://www.amazon.com/Computer-Architecture-Fifth-Quantitati...

I haven't looked to see if every question is covered by these, but here's some standard textbooks I like:

Algorithms and Data Structures:

http://www.amazon.ca/Introduction-Algorithms-Thomas-H-Cormen...

http://www.amazon.ca/Algorithms-4th-Robert-Sedgewick/dp/0321...

Computer Architecture and Operating Systems:

http://www.amazon.ca/Computer-Architecture-Quantitative-John...

http://www.amazon.ca/Design-Implementation-FreeBSD-Operating...

Mathematics:

http://www.amazon.ca/Calculus-James-Stewart/dp/0495011606

http://www.amazon.ca/Introductory-Statistics-Prem-S-Mann/dp/...

http://www.amazon.ca/Introduction-Mathematical-Cryptography-...

Networking and Systems:

http://www.amazon.ca/Computer-Networks-5th-Andrew-Tanenbaum/...

http://www.amazon.ca/Database-Management-Systems-Raghu-Ramak...

http://www.amazon.ca/Distributed-Systems-Principles-Andrew-T...