https://www.amazon.com/How-Solve-Mathematical-Princeton-Scie...

And for improving statistical thinking, the classic How to Lie With Statistics by Darrell Huff

https://www.amazon.com/How-Lie-Statistics-Darrell-Huff-ebook...

"How to solve it" [1] was helpful for me in this regard, but it isn't really condensed like this blog post.

After you finish "how to solve it", you can read the more advanced "Mathematics and Plausible Reasoning" [2]

[1] https://www.amazon.com/How-Solve-Mathematical-Princeton-Scie... [2] https://www.amazon.com/Mathematics-Plausible-Reasoning-Two-V...