I see many comments talking about how shocking or rare this appears to be. In reality the maritime industry is extremely dangerous and accident prone as a result of the design of the system. Excellent book on the topic with an entire chapter dedicated to maritime: https://www.amazon.com/Normal-Accidents-Living-High-Risk-Tec...

The two iconic texts are:

- "The Collapse of Complex Societies" by Joseph Tainter (Amazon link: https://www.amazon.com/Collapse-Complex-Societies-Studies-Ar...)

- "Normal Accidents" by Chuck Perrow (Amazon link: https://www.amazon.com/Normal-Accidents-Living-High-Risk-Tec...)

Tainter deals directly with the Roman Empire, but the nutshell is the cost of complexity begins to outweigh its returns, requiring more and more resources just to maintain the status quo, until the entire thing becomes weak and susceptible to failures large and small.

- "Panarchy: Understanding Human and Natural Systems" (Amazon link: https://www.amazon.com/Panarchy-Understanding-Transformation...) is also a fantastic book drawing from ecosystem science and proposes a general model for this. It's pretty well accepted in ecological circles but has been criticised for a lack of empirical data. The general model is the same as Tainter's though.

- "The Logic of Failure" by Dietrich Dorner is also a classic! (https://www.amazon.com/Logic-Failure-Recognizing-Avoiding-Si...)

Well worth reading all of the above.

You should read Charles Perrow's "Normal Accidents" and all will be revealed. This is hardly a new problem.

http://www.amazon.com/Normal-Accidents-Living-High-Risk-Tech...

If you liked "How Complex Systems Fail", you may be interested in "Normal Accidents" [1]. It's basically the long-form complete version of the paper you mentioned and packed with interesting examples.

[1] http://www.amazon.com/Normal-Accidents-Living-High-Risk-Tech...

Here's another good resource for understanding these types of problems:

http://www.amazon.com/Normal-Accidents-Living-High-Risk-Tech...