A test of chess puzzles can reliably predict a player's ELO rating and what kinds of game elements they struggle with. My late dad did work on this in the 1980s to assess machine and human chess performance which culminated in the Bratko-Kopec Test[0], which eventually became a part of a standard suite for assessing the performance of new chess programs. He also ended up running the test on hundreds of human players to test its calibration.

He created several subsequent tests and wrote a book about it [1]. I make a version of a few of the tests for iPhone if you're so inclined [2].

0: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B97800... 1: https://amzn.to/3PVOne9 2: https://apps.apple.com/us/app/test-your-chess/id362448420