Thanks for the link. I read "The Mystery of Banking"[0] recently and understand more or less how it works. I realize that it's not the most neutral source but I haven't found any of the other side's arguments very convincing either (including this Bank of England paper though I just read the first few pages, planning on reading it fully later).

[0] https://www.amazon.com/Mystery-Banking-Murray-N-Rothbard/dp/...

I’m not sure all types of money have this characteristic, but debt-based money in a fractional reserve banking system certainly seems to. The banks are perpetually insolvent because the time structure of their assets (loans) doesn’t match the time structure of their liabilities (“deposits”). At any time a bank run can bring them and the entire economy down. Sure, the government guarantees their deposits, but AFAIK they don’t provide anywhere near enough insurance. Not to mention the moral hazard it creates for banks to act recklessly.

It’s been a while since I read up on the topic, but the origins of fractional-reserve banking sound a lot like fraud that got blamed on the hard money that exposed it. (https://www.amazon.com/dp/1933550287)