"volcanos erupted causing a cold period that lasted from the 1600s to the late 1800s"
Correlation vs causation - while the volcanic winter phenomenon is well-known, there are those that propose that solar activity is the primary driver of climate on Earth:
https://www.amazon.com/Neglected-Sun-Precludes-Catastrophe-I...
http://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2016/08/12/winter-is...
Not to say that the greenhouse effect is not real, or that anthropogenic CO2 does not cause warming - just that the magnitude of the effect may well be greatly over-hyped.
Is CO2 rising? Fairly unequivocally, yes.
Has the planet warmed? Again, faily clearly yes, since pre-industrial times.
Is it still warming? Ok, here we get more contentious.
How much of the warming is down to CO2? Contentious, again - e.g. see this book for an argument of how we could explain much if not all of the warming down to various natural cycles: https://www.amazon.com/Neglected-Sun-Precludes-Catastrophe-I...
Is a warming planet a problem? Again, debatable. Rising sea level and ocean acidification scares aside, history suggests that we tend to do better with a warmer climate.
This is actually one of the scarier articles I read recently about why rising CO2 is bad - and it's nothing to do with climate: https://www.politico.com/agenda/story/2017/09/13/food-nutrie...